Direct Measures
Direct measures are demonstrations of student learning, usually obtained through samples of student work.
Course Level Examples
- Course and homework assignments
- Item analyses of examinations and quizzes
- Standardized tests (broken down by learning objective)
- Term papers and reports
- Observations of field work, internship, service learning, and clinical experiences
- Research projects
- Class discussion/participation
- Case study analysis
- Rubric (a criterion-based rating scale) scores for writing, oral presentations, and performances
Program Level Examples
- Capstone projects, senior theses, exhibits, or performances
- Pass rates or scores on licensure, certification, or subject area tests
- Student publications or conference presentations
- Employer and internship supervisor ratings of students’ performance
Indirect Measures
Indirect measures are perceptions of student learning.
Course Level Examples
- Course Evaluations
- Test blueprints (outlines of concepts and skills on test)
- Percent of class time spent on active learning
- Number of student hours spent on service learning
- Number of student hours spent on intellectual or cultural activities related to course
Program Level Examples
- Focus group interviews with students
- Registration or course enrollment information
- Department or program review data
- Job placement
- Employer or alumni surveys
- Student perception surveys
- Proportion of upper-level courses to the same program at other institutions
- Graduate school placement rates