Marie-Odile Fortier (Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction), along with collaborators and students at UC Merced and Winston Cone Optics, published an article, "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of low-temperature process heat generation by external compound parabolic concentrator (XCPC) solar thermal array," in Renewable Energy. The study determined that industrial process heat, which is primarily produced by fossil fuels like natural gas and propane, could have a 97% lower carbon footprint when generated by the XCPC solar thermal technology.